Expert systems are knowledge-based information systems which are expected to have human attributes in order to replicate human capacity in ethical decision making. An expert system functions by virtue of its information, its inferential rules, and its decision criteria, each of which may be problematic. This paper addresses three basic reasons for ethical concern when using the currently available expert systems in a decisions-making capacity. These reasons are (1) expert systems' lack of human intelligence, (2) expert systems' lack of emotions (...) and values, and (3) expert systems' possible incorporation of intentional or accidental bias. For these reasons artificial ethics seems to be science fiction. Consequently, expert systems should be used only in an advising capacity and managers should not absolve themselves from legal and ethical responsibility when using expert systems in decision making. (shrink)

PurposeThe information technology related ethical issues will only increase in frequency and complexity with the increasing diffusion of IT in economies and societies. The purpose of this paper is to explore Egyptian students' attitudes towards the information ethics issues of privacy, access, property, and accuracy, and it evaluates the possible impact of a number of personal characteristics on such attitudes.Design/methodology/approachThis research utilized a cross‐sectional sample and data set to test five hypotheses. It adopted an instrument to collect the respondents' background (...) information and assess their attitudes towards the information ethics issues of privacy, property, accuracy, and access. Egyptian business students at Alexandria University were asked to participate in the survey. A total of 305 responses were collected and analyzed.FindingsThe analysis revealed that students are sensitive to the ethicality of information privacy, information accuracy, and information access. However, students are insensitive to the ethicality of property right. In addition, years of education have a main effect on students' attitudes towards property, and gender and age have an interaction effect on students' attitudes towards access.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this research are based on a cross‐sectional data set collected from a sample of business students at a public university. Students, however, may make poor surrogates for business or IT professionals. Future similar research designs that employ large samples from Egyptian working professionals and students in other private and public universities are needed to verify the findings of this research.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that the investigated university as well as the other similar Egyptian universities should consider integrating ethics education into their curricula. Teaching information ethics, especially from an Islamic perspective, is expected to positively influence students' information ethical attitudes. The enforcement of the existing property right protection laws should also curb software piracy in the Egyptian market.Originality/valueIt is vital to expand the ethical research currently being performed in IT in order to help bridge the gap between behavior and IT. The findings of this research extend the understanding of students' attitudes towards the information ethics issues in Egyptian culture and contribute to the growing body of knowledge on global information ethics. (shrink)

The Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy at the heart of the European Union’s Green Deal set out to create a “just transition” towards a sustainable food system, with benefits for all actors. We conducted a critical discourse analysis (CDA) to explore discourses around power in the food system and farmers’ position in the communication and implementation of the Farm to Fork Strategy. Discourse analysis encapsulates various scientific methodologies for deciphering the meaning behind the creation and communication of different forms of (...) language and identify power dynamics, amongst other aspects. We identified two prior discourses in one of the objectives of the European Union’s new Common Agricultural Policy (2023-27). Our analysis found that the discourses, namely “rebalance power in food system” and “strengthening farmers’ position in value chains,” are marginalized in favour of an innovation-investment discourse, indicative of greater financialization and technologization based on techno-finances fixes in transforming the European Union agri-food system. We argue that entities representing agri-business interests have been influential in the policymaking process and voices representing smallholder and medium-sized farmers’ transformational discourses have been excluded. (shrink)

We study statements about countable and well-ordered unions and their relation to each other and to countable and well-ordered forms of the axiom of choice. Using WO as an abbreviation for “well-orderable”, here are two typical results: The assertion that every WO family of countable sets has a WO union does not imply that every countable family of WO sets has a WO union; the axiom of choice for WO families of WO sets does not imply that the countable union (...) of countable sets is WO. (shrink)

Background Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare has raised significant ethical concerns. In pharmacy practice, AI offers promising advances but also poses ethical challenges. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in countries from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region on 501 pharmacy professionals. A 12-item online questionnaire assessed ethical concerns related to the adoption of AI in pharmacy practice. Demographic factors associated with ethical concerns were analyzed via SPSS v.27 software using appropriate statistical tests. Results Participants expressed concerns (...) about patient data privacy (58.9%), cybersecurity threats (58.9%), potential job displacement (62.9%), and lack of legal regulation (67.0%). Tech-savviness and basic AI understanding were correlated with higher concern scores (p < 0.001). Ethical implications include the need for informed consent, beneficence, justice, and transparency in the use of AI. Conclusion The findings emphasize the importance of ethical guidelines, education, and patient autonomy in adopting AI. Collaboration, data privacy, and equitable access are crucial to the responsible use of AI in pharmacy practice. (shrink)

This is a continuation of [2]. We study the Tychonoff Compactness Theorem for various definitions of compactness and for various types of spaces . We also study well ordered Tychonoff products and the effect that the multiple choice axiom has on such products.

We study conditions for a topological space to be metrizable, properties of metrizable spaces, and the role the axiom of choice plays in these matters.

La filosofía de la historia de Kant se fundamenta en el concepto de una intención de la naturaleza [ Naturabsicht ]. En este ensayo, presento los diferentes conceptos que Kant tiene de naturaleza para explicar el modo específico en que el individuo participa del desarrollo histórico del género humano. En este sentido intento probar, acudiendo a los opúsculos jurídico políticos de Kant, que el cumplimiento plenode la intención de la naturaleza es posible gracias a los conceptos de antagonismo e Ilustración (...) [ Aufklärung ], y también a la distinción que propongo entre el caráctery la extensiónde esta última. (shrink)

We study the relationships between definitions of compactness in topological spaces and the roll the axiom of choice plays in these relationships.

The authors of the target article articulate the complicated, often conflicting demands of U.S. Food and Drug Administration roles as justification for the FDA’s delay in releasing guidelines...

On one classical conception of God, God has no parts, not even metaphysical parts. God is not composed of form and matter, act and potency, and he is not composed of existence and essence. God is absolutely simple. This is the doctrine of Absolute Divine Simplicity. It is claimed that ADS implies a modal collapse, i.e. that God’s creation is absolutely necessary. I argue that a proper way of understanding the modal collapse argument naturally leads the proponent of ADS to (...) reject a particular premise of the argument: namely, “the same identical cause brings about the same effect.” However, I argue that the rejection of that premise leads to a deeper problem for ADS. It leads to an explanatory gap: how can we explain the relevant type of indeterminism in an absolutely simple God? (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o idealismo transcendental (e o realismo empírico) como uma semântica transcendental, que permite resolver problemas cognitivos da ciência e decidir sobre problemas filosóficos, por meio de novos argumentos e documentos textuais da filosofia kantiana. Para tal fim, mostraremos que a pergunta fundamental que aparece em todo o percurso da obra kantiana é a da possibilidade das proposições sintéticas. Essa pergunta demanda o desenvolvimento de uma resposta que essencialmente diz respeito não apenas a sua necessidade (...) e possibilidade lógica, mas também a sua exequibilidade, e que mostrará suas peculiaridades em cada caso. Especificamente na primeira crítica, as condições ou ingredientes do juízo permitem distinguir entre fenômenos como objetos de conhecimento e coisas em si mesmas. Assim, o idealismo transcendental é definido, no sentido restrito, na crítica da razão pura, basicamente, pelo modo de interpretar o papel da sensibilidade em relação com as categorias e a constituição dos objetos de conhecimento. Esta posição filosófica permite a Kant propor um campo de sentido onde formular e resolver problemas cognitivos válidos e, portanto, resolver os problemas que a própria razão se impõe, bem como fazer uma refutação ao idealismo (material), tanto problemático quanto dogmático. Assim, provaremos que o problema da cognoscibilidade dos objetos se resolve em Kant em termos decididamente semânticos. (shrink)

Given the ubiquitous nature of love, numerous theories have been proposed to explain its existence. One such theory refers to love as a commitment device, suggesting that romantic love evolved to foster commitment between partners and enhance their reproductive success. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis using a large-scale sample of 86,310 individual responses collected across 90 countries. If romantic love is universally perceived as a force that fosters commitment between long-term partners, we expected that individuals likely to (...) suffer greater losses from the termination of their relationships—including people of lower socioeconomic status, those with many children, and women—would place a higher value on romantic love compared to people with higher status, those with fewer children, and men. These predictions were supported. Additionally, we observed that individuals from countries with a higher (vs. lower) Human Development Index placed a greater level of importance on romantic love, suggesting that modernization might influence how romantic love is evaluated. On average, participants worldwide were unwilling to commit to a long-term romantic relationship without love, highlighting romantic love’s universal importance. (shrink)

Abel Botelho, escreveu um conjunto de cinco romances naturalistas, incluindo Patologia Social. Nas suas obras, a cidade de Lisboa é representada através dos seus aspectos sociais, históricos e políticos. Nesse sentido, este artigo analisa as descrições da cidade de Londres, enfatizando seus aspectos decadentes revelados pelas caminhadas noturnas de Elvira, Mário e Isabel, personagens do O Barão de Lavos, O Livro de Alda e Fatal dilema. Em seguida, focará nos aspectos inovadores ou nas formas afirmativas dos personagens tirados em uma (...) avenida chamada Avenida. Abel Botelho wrote a set of five naturalistic novels, among them Patologia Social. In his works, the city of Lisbon is represented through its social, historical, and political aspects. In that sense, this article analyses the descriptions of the city of Lisbon by emphasizing its decadent aspects revealed through the nocturnal walks of Elvira, Mário, and Isabel, who are characters from O barão de Lavos, O Livro de Alda, Fatal dilema. Then, he will focus on the innovative aspects of the affirmative forms of the characters taken in a boulevard called Avenida. (shrink)

Trata-se de um ensaio visual onde o autor nos convida para com ele embarcar em uma viagem/meditação entre imagens e discursos, depois de sermos, junto dele, confrontados com o punctum de post-its e cartões postais de sua parede. As diminutas notas para si mesmo e as pinceladas sinuosas de uma pintura de Van Gogh descortinam uma investigação tateante sobre o problema da não-figuração (que Salomão designa como abstração) nas artes e sobre o trabalho psíquico do sintoma: cerne da subjetividade, deiscência (...) existencial e origem do discurso, conforme pensou Lacan. Nesse sentido, os artistas e escritores loucos seriam, na melhor tradição artística hölderliniana, aqueles capazes de capturar um pequeno brilho/acontecimento na realidade que teima em se apagar. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um dispositivo conceitual desde Laclau e Lacan que permita abordar o fenômeno político nomeado como populismo. Para isso, primeiro, estabeleceremos a definição dos conceitos utilizados. Em segundo lugar, estabeleceremos o contraponto entre populismo, neoliberalismo e fascismo. Finalmente, apresentaremos o populismo como uma possibilidade de saída de crise política, social e econômica. Devemos salientar que o texto esteve intencionalmente elaborado para um debate com uma defesa do liberalismo como saída de crise política, social e econômica. (...) Palavras-chave: Populismo. Identificação. Afetos. Laclau. Lacan. (shrink)

This work aims to consider philosophically the issue of the method in philosophical practices with children. It analyzes some influences received by the creators of Philosophy for Children, Matthew Lipman and Ann Margaret Sharp, like the pragmatism of J. Dewey. It describes the meanings of three similar expressions in Lipman's work: methodical, methodological and method. It offers some criticisms of method: Hans-Georg Gadamer, but especially Henri Bergson and Gilles Deleuze. Finally, he questions the need of a method for doing philosophy (...) with children or, more broadly, for thinking childishly in education. -/- Este trabajo tiene como objetivo pensar filosóficamente el tema del método en las prácticas filosóficas con niñas y niños. Analiza algunas influencias recibidas por los creadores de Filosofía para Niños, Matthew Lipman y Ann Margaret Sharp, como el pragmatismo de J. Dewey. Describe los significados de tres expresiones similares en el trabajo de Lipman: metódico, metodológico y metodológico. Ofrece algunas críticas del método: Hans-Georg Gadamer, pero especialmente Henri Bergson y Gilles Deleuze. Finalmente, cuestiona la necesidad de un método para hacer filosofía con niñas y niños o, más ampliamente, para pensar infantilmente en educación. -/- Este trabalho busca pensar filosoficamente a questão do método nas práticas filosóficas com crianças. Analisa algumas influencias recebidas pelos criadores da Filosofia para Crianças, Matthew Lipman e Ann Margaret Sharp, como o pragmatismo de J. Dewey. Descreve os sentidos de três expressões afins na obra de Lipman: metódico, metodologia e método. Oferece algumas críticas a leituras do método: Hans-Georg Gadamer, mas sobretudo Henri Bergson e Gilles Deleuze. Finalmente, problematiza a necessidade de um método para fazer filosofia com crianças ou, de um modo mais geral, para pensar infantilmente na educação. (shrink)

El libro "Las claves de la investigación científica" (2023) de los profesores Julio Mario Hoyos y Juan Carlos Moreno, es un texto básico para la formación científica, que explica de manera clara, en un lenguaje no especializado, y desde un punto de vista plural e interdisciplinar, aspectos básicos del funcionamiento de la ciencia, como las distintas lógicas, los métodos, los modelos de cambio científico, y el funcionamiento social, institucional y organizacional de la investigación científica. Representa un aporte fundamental para responder (...) a algunas preguntas básicas, como las siguientes: ¿cómo funciona la ciencia?, ¿existe un único método científico o varios?, ¿cuáles son las principales condiciones sociales de la investigación?, entre otras cuestiones. (shrink)

Para la investigación que conllevó al presente artículo se utilizó el método hermenéutico analógico. Con base en los pasos primordiales de análisis e interpretación se acudió al lenguaje narrativo literario y a su relación inmediata con otros tipos de lenguaje: visual, audiovisual, de imagen, televisivo y mixto. Se estudiaron textos escritos, hablados y actuados. Se efectuó un recorrido narrativo, textual, argumentativo siendo fiel a los planteamientos del autor, al medio y al lector, y se acudió a los textos que presentan (...) un mensaje polisémico. Los interrogantes apuntaron a ¿qué quiere decir el autor con el texto referido a la piel? Y, en particular, ¿qué le significa o resignifica el texto analizado a la temática del proyecto? Así, la estructura clásica discursiva se enmarca desde un preludio con un horizonte epistemológico del mito y su relación con la piel hasta un posludio haciendo eco a la virtus hermenéutica que plantea e implementa Beucheot y que implica una interpretación “adecuada” y ceñida a la “verdad” del texto: la piel, el órgano más grande y complejo del ser humano supone una trascendencia biológica y anatómica determinante, la cual debe ser entendida, analizada e interpretada desde diversos contextos estéticos, éticos y narrativos. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:February 19, 2011 (11:48 am) E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3002\russell 30,2 040 red.wpd russell: the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies n.s. 30 (winter 2010–11): 155–82 The Bertrand Russell Research Centre, McMaster U. issn 0036-01631; online 1913-8032 eviews AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEMSz Omar W. Nasim Science Studies / Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (eth) 8092 Zürich, Switzerland [email protected] David Mills Daniel and Megan Daniel. BrieXy: Russell’sz The Problems of Philosophy. London: scm (...) P., 2007. Pp. viii, 131. isbn 978-0-334-04118-4. £7.99. The following book is a part of the SCM BrieXyz series, which already includes such titles as Anselm’s Prosologion and Kierkegaard’s Fear and Trembling. The series objective is to “enable students and general readers to acquire knowledge and understanding of key texts in philosophy, philosophy of religion, theology and ethics” (p. vii). Each volume is a “short guide” to a particular philosopher ’s ideas through a close reading of a primary text by that philosopher. This review looks at the volume on Bertrand Russell’s The Problems of Philosophy, which is divided by the authors into a few parts, including a section on the “Context”, a “Detailed Summary of Bertrand Russell’s The Problem of Philosophy ”, an overview and a helpful glossary of terms. The “Context” provides a very brief statement about who Russell was, and spends most of its pages summarizing the arguments of Russell’s Problems. The last few pages of this section provide some helpful “Issues to Consider,” which are a list of pertinent questions one may ask of Russell’s Problems, and ends with some further reading. It ought to be noted that the “Context” is not about the history of Russell’s text, nor is it an attempt to relate the latter to Russell’s other works. This is unfortunate, considering Russell’s well-known philosophical development and the rich history surrounding Problems. The volume under review is indeed a problemoriented study of Problems which uncritically rehearses the same embedding of problems that Russell urges, especially in relation to the British empiricist tradition of the early modern period. The main section of the book is the “Detailed Summary” and is itself divided in the same way in which Russell’s Problems is divided; that is, into Wfteen subsections, with exactly the same headings and order. Using a reissued second edi- February 19, 2011 (11:48 am) E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3002\russell 30,2 040 red.wpd 156 Reviews 1 It has the same pagination as oup’s 1967 edition in the uk.z—zEd. tion of Russell’s Problems by Oxford University Press (2001),1 Daniel and Daniel provide a very close, page-by-page exposition of each chapter of Russell’s Problems. The reading is in fact so close that not only is there nearly the same number of pages dedicated to each chapter as in the original, but just about every sentence teems with scare quotes. This goes for not only technical terms such as “universal”, “sense-data”, “relations”, etc., which remain snared by scare quotes throughout the entire section, but also all sorts of other terms such as “light”, “motion”, “just”, “forgotten”, etc. The rationale for this is given in the introduction and is supposed to “enable the reader to follow each development in the philosopher’s argument” (p. vii). Unlike the terms that are in bold type, which are given some explanation in the glossary, the reviewer Wnds the sheer number of scare quotes distracting and pedagogically confusing, because there is no distinction made between terms central to Russell’s argument and those used only in the construction of a sentence. But even the glossary entries are oddly compiled. While most correspond to the bold-type terms in the Summary, some are terms not found anywhere but in the introduction or the “Context” section. So Sartre, Wittgenstein, McMaster University, and Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation are nowhere to be found in Russell’s original, or in the summary provided by the authorsz—zthey are simply terms used in passing in the introduction or “Context” and without being introduced in bold type. Other... (shrink)

For this year’s Virtual Issue, our guest editor, Omar W. Nasim, has collected together papers from the Aristotelian Society archives that represent a substantial part of a dispute that contributed to the emergence of analytic philosophy in Britain at the turn of the 20th Century. The dispute was primarily concerned with the problem of the external world – the nature of the sensible objects of perception, and how they relate to physical things and the perceiving subject. The participants in (...) this controversy contested the nature of the appearance-reality distinction, whether it is it is possible for a thing to instantiate contrary sensible qualities at the same place and time, the distinction between presentation and representation, the nature of knowledge by acquaintance, and the nature of sense-data – e.g., whether sense-data are psychical or physical, whether they persist unperceived, and how they give rise to knowledge of the external world. G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell were significant contributors to these debates, but so too were several philosophers whose names are now less well known: G. F. Stout, G. Dawes Hicks, Abraham Wolf, T. Percy Nunn, and S. Alexander. This Virtual Issue collects together, for the first time, the important contributions made to these debates by all of these figures. In doing so it provides a fascinating insight into the ways in which Russell’s earliest attempts to construct the external world from sense-data were influenced by the ideas and arguments of his immediate contemporaries. Omar W. Nasim’s specially commissioned introduction to the Virtual Issue sets out the historical context of these disputes about the external world, and details the prominent role played by the Aristotelian Society in making them possible. (shrink)

Resumo: O presente texto apresenta o Núcleo de Estudos de Filosofias e Infâncias com seus vinte anos de ensino, pesquisa e extensão dedicados ao ensino de filosofia e uma educação filosófica. O texto tematiza a especificidade e a história do grupo, colocando ênfase em algumas dimensões de sua atuação presente: a) Os colóquios internacionais de filosofia e educação; b) a NEFI edições; c) o Mestrado Profissional em educação filosófica com infâncias; d) os projetos de extensão; e) o periódico childhood & (...) philosophy; f) as experiências de formação. Antes, um breve histórico é oferecido e, depois, uma reflexão sobre a dimensão metodológica do NEFI. Assim, o texto é oferecido como uma oportunidade para pensar o NEFI como um coletivo – possibilidade aberta e em permanente busca de sentidos relativos ao ensino de filosofia ou, para dizê-lo mais amplamente, a uma educação filosófica. Palavras-chave: Núcleo de Estudos de Filosofias e Infâncias (NEFI); Infância; Escuta; Pergunta; Metodologia The Center for the Study of Philosophy and Childhood (NEFI): a path to think about the field of the teaching of philosophy in Brazil Abstract: The present text presents the Center for the Study of Philosophy and Childhood (NEFI) with its twenty years of teaching, research and extension dedicated to the teaching of philosophy and a philosophical education. The text discusses the specificity and the history of the group, emphasizing some dimensions of its present action: a) the international colloquiums on philosophy and education; b) the NEFI editions; c) the Professional Master in philosophical education with childhoods; d) the extension projects; e) the journal childhood & philosophy; f) the educational (formation) experiences. First, a brief history is offered, and then a reflection on the methodological dimension of the NEFI. Thus, the text is presented as an opportunity to think of the NEFI as a collective – open possibility in permanent search for meaning concerning the teaching of philosophy or, to put it more broadly, a philosophical education. Keywords: Center for the Study of Philosophy and Childhood (NEFI); Childhood; Listening; Question; Methodology Núcleo de Estudios de Filosofías e Infancias: una trayectoria para pensar el campo de la enseñanza de la filosofía en Brasil Resumen: El presente texto presenta el Centro de Estudios de Filosofía e Infancia con sus veinte años de docencia, investigación y extensión dedicados a la enseñanza de la filosofía y a una educación filosófica. El texto discute la especificidad y la historia del grupo, poniendo énfasis en algunas dimensiones de su acción actual: a) los coloquios internacionales de filosofía y educación; b) las ediciones del NEFI; c) el Máster Profesional en educación filosófica con infancias; d) los proyectos de extensión; e) la revista childhood & philosophy; f) las experiencias de formación. Antes, se ofrece una breve historia y, a continuación, una reflexión sobre la dimensión metodológica del NEFI. Así, el texto se ofrece como una oportunidad para pensar el NEFI como un colectivo – posibilidad abierta y en permanente búsqueda de significados relativos a la enseñanza de la filosofía o, para decirlo más ampliamente, a una educación filosófica. Palabras-clave: Núcleo De Estudios De Filosofías E Infancias (NEFI); Infancia; Escucha; Pregunta; Metodología Data de registro: 23/01/2024 Data de aceite: 23/08/2023. (shrink)

This paper examines the interrelations between astronomical images of nebulae and their observation. In particular, using the case of the ‘Great Spiral’ , we follow this nebula beginning with its discovery and first sketch made by the third Earl of Rosse in 1845, to giving an account, using archival sources, of exactly how other images of the same object were produced over the years and stabilized within the record books of the Rosse project. It will be found that a particular (...) ‘procedure’ was employed using ‘working images’ that interacted with descriptions, other images and the telescopic object itself. This stabilized not only some set of standard images of the object, but also a very potent conception of spirality as well, i.e. as a ‘normal form’. Finally, two cases will be contrasted, one being George Bond's application of this spiral conception to the nebula in Orion, and the other Wilhelm Tempel's rejection of the spiral form in M51. (shrink)

El propósito del presente artículo es sustentar la idea de que el arte es una exploración de los conflictos. Para la consecución de tal fin en un primer momento resulta necesario comprender que una clave de interpretación, es asumir que los conflictos son constitutivos de todo vínculo social, y que una sociedad armónica es una contradicción en los términos. En un segundo momento, comprenderemos que el conflicto estará situado en la novela como escenario fundamental donde acaece la modernidad. En un (...) tercer momento, el cuestionamiento ante la crisis nos llevará a los presupuestos psicoanalíticos para comprender la relación entre conflicto, modernidad e identidad a partir de los conceptos de sublimación, olvido y duelo. Finalmente, intentaremos determinar cómo los tres momentos anteriores se sintetizan en la vulnerabilidad antropológica como punto de contacto en la relación entre literatura y filosofía. (shrink)

El presente artículo ofrece un acercamiento conceptual para la creación de un instrumento de educación ciudadana encaminado a combatir la corrupción, y alentar a la ciudadanía y a los gobernantes hacia una conducta ética. Se parte, para ello, de los cuatro fundamentos o virtudes ético-socráticos que se refieren a la esfera de lo individual, estadio necesario para la consolidación de una sociedad y gobierno encaminados hacia el bien. Siguiendo esa línea, se propone luego la conceptualización del instrumento educativo ciudadano desde (...) la teoría de la filósofa norteamericana Marta C. Nussbaum. Finalmente, se concreta la exposición teórica en pautas prácticas para la construcción e implementación de tal instrumento en escenarios de aprendizaje como el hogar y la escuela. (shrink)

En este escrito pretendo hacer una exposición de algunas de las ideas más importantes de Brandom. Esta exposición tenderá a mostrar, en primer lugar, los conceptos más importantes de la teoría semántica inferencialista que plantea Brandom. En segundo lugar, esta exposición tenderá a mostrar que hay dos formas de racionalidad en la teoría que Brandom elabora, a saber, la racionalidad que usa conceptos e introduce contenidos conceptuales en el lenguaje, y la racionalidad que esclarece y critica los contenidos de los (...) conceptos. Por último, todo lo anterior será conducido a señalar la gran importancia que Brandom atribuye al vocabulario lógico. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Marx's Attempt to Leave PhilosophyOmar DahbourDaniel Brudney. Marx's Attempt to Leave Philosophy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998. Pp. xviii + 425. Cloth, $45.00.In the introduction to this book, Daniel Brudney writes, "The humanist Marx has been in the shadows. I think it time he was brought into the light" (13). The way Brudney chooses to do this is by examining Marx's writings of 1844-46, along with some of (...) Feuerbach and Bauer's works, for their critique of philosophy. Brudney argues that Marx's early texts are the most intrinsically interesting, in that they contain Marx's explicit antiphilosophical claims (163). Brudney asks three questions about these claims: [1] how different was Marx's critique of philosophy from that of other Young Hegelians, particularly Feuerbach and Bauer? [2] Why was Marx so committed to "leaving philosophy"? and [3] Was he successful in justifying his critique of capitalism nonphilosophically?For this reader, the most compelling part of the book was Brudney's treatment of the first question, in which he gives Feuerbach's "antiphilosophy" a sympathetic yet critical treatment. While Brudney claims that Feuerbach ultimately can substantiate neither his critique of Christian faith nor that of speculative philosophy (73), Feuerbach's work is still of interest for his ambitious, if failed, attempt to do so. Furthermore, Marx's later antiphilosophy, Brudney ultimately concludes, is much more indebted to Feuerbach than Marx cares to admit.The treatment of Marx's early work is aimed at examining the reasons for the hostility to philosophy that infuses virtually all of Marx's texts. After carefully distinguishing between the conceptions of human nature in Marx's 1844-45 manuscripts and in the German Ideology, Brudney concludes that Marx was pessimistic about providing a philosophically compelling argument for the central importance of labor (218). Much more likely, in Marx's view, was a case made on the basis of facts, practice, or experience.But Brudney argues that this will not doóthat philosophy is required because [End Page 135] Marx's conception of labor is irreducibly normative. This is what he calls the "justification problem": how can claims about the alienation of labor, e.g., be derived from facts of the matter without some further (philosophical) interpretation of these facts? In the German Ideology, the problem is compounded: how can social critics attack the "ruling ideas" of capitalism, when they live within the society in which these ideas dominate?So far, so good: Brudney makes his case for the necessity of a normative critique of capitalist society. While Marx was genuinely antiphilosophical, this was to his detrimentóit robbed him of the ability to justify his critique. But Brudney claims that, consequently, what Marx needed was "moral philosophy." This is where the problems with his argument become manifest. Despite an exhaustively detailed treatment of Marx's early texts, Brudney paints with a very broad brush when he employs the terms "philosophy" and "moral philosophy." What exactly do they mean? Brudney refuses to specify or limit Marx's critique to what Marx very probably thought of as most essentially philosophicalónamely, Hegelianism.To limit Marx's criticisms of philosophy in this way might imply that Marx was simply wielding a different kind of philosophical apparatus, one that was, in the particular intellectual world of 1840s Germany, "antiphilosophical." Specifically, Brudney wants to avoid the conclusion that Marx was a materialist, only opposed to idealism, not to "philosophy" as such. Yet, this reader cannot escape the sense that what Brudney really is comparing Marx (and Feuerbach) to the philosophy, not of the 1840s, but of the 1990s.This is especially the case in his discussion of Marx's rejection of "morality." By "morality" Brudney seems to mean some sort of rule-governed theory of moral conduct (e.g., Kantianism). But Marx's rejection of this sort of moral theory certainly need not mean his rejection of ethics of any kind. Brudney fails to adequately confront interpretations of Marx that suggest he was influenced by earlier, particularly Aristotelian, philosophy in his criticisms of German idealism (see, e.g., Carol Gould's Marx's Social Ontology or the writers in George McCarthy [ed... (shrink)

Exagerando uma certa tensão existente entre Sócrates e Platão em Diálogos como Apologia de Sócrates, Górgias e A República, este artigo busca pensar uma oposição mais profunda entre duas políticas da educação da infância em nome da filosofia: como conhecimento verdadeiro do bom e do belo (Platão), a filosofia aspira à conversão da infância; como forma de vida questionadora (Sócrates), ela abre um espaço de interrogação para escutar a infância. No artigo, mostramos como o programa Filosofia para Crianças, de Matthew (...) Lipman, parece situar-se do lado de Platão, destacando os impactos de tal postura em relação à força criadora da infância. (shrink)

Scientific realism was famously proclaimed dead back in the early 1980s (Fine 1984). Michela Massimi’s exciting new book says otherwise. For Massimi, realism is alive and well, only we need to reconsider what we take to be the defining question of scientific realism, which, to her, is best construed not along ontological lines, i.e., whether entity X exists, but along epistemological lines, i.e., how we come to reliably know nature. Put more explicitly, for Massimi, to be a realist is to (...) be able to explain “how historically and culturally situated epistemic communities have over time come to reliably advance claims of scientific knowledge” (4). -/- The role of reliability in science has been long recognized, for example, by Kitcher (1993), Oreskes (2019), and most recently Cartwright et al. (2022). What is new about Massimi’s proposal is her emphasis on the role played by scientific perspectives in assessing reliability. Particularly, her social and cooperative construal of science makes assessing the reliability of knowledge claims not the prerogative of a single epistemic community but the collective task of multiple epistemic communities, across a plurality of scientific perspectives (5). Hence, hers is a form of ‘perspectival realism.’ -/- . (shrink)